Bioelectronic Devices for Healthcare

Sponsors: The Gao Research Group is supported by

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I. Wearable sweat biosensors for personalized healthcare

Skin-interfaced wearable sweat biosensors for personalized medicine (Nature 2016; PNAS 2017; Chemical Society Reviews 2019; Nature Reviews Chemistry 2022; Chemical Reviews 2023)

Laser-engraved lab on the skin for non-invasive monitoring of circulating nutrients and metabolites (Nature Biotechnology 2020, 38, 217)

Wearable autonomous MIP biosensors for precision nutrition (Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2022, 6, 1225)

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 Wearable biosensor for wireless monitoring of systemic inflammation (Nature Biomedical Engineering 2023, 7, 1293)

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A wearable aptamer nanobiosensor for non-Invasive female hormone monitoring (Nature Nanotechnology, 2024, 19, 330).

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An AI-reinforced physicochemical-sensing wearable for stress response monitoring (Nature Electronics, 2024, 7, 168).

Nature Biotechnology, 2020; Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2022; Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2023; Science Advances, 2023;  Nature Nanotechnology, 2024; Nature Machine Intelligence, 2023; Nature Electronics, 2024; Nature Materials, 2025; Science Robotics, 2020; Matter 2020; Chemical Reviews, 2023; Chemical Society Review, 2020; Nature Reviews Chemistry, 2022; Advanced Materials, 2023. 

Highlighted in Nature, Science, Science Translational Medicine, The Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Time, Daily Mail, The Times, BBC, LA Times, Newsweek, Forbes, Scientific American, IEEE Spectrum, MIT Technology Review, Fox News, Wired, The Engineer, Popular Science, New Scientist, San Francisco Chronicle, JAMA News, Xinhua, Physics World, Caltech News etc.

II. Smart mask for breath analysis

A smart mask for exhaled breath condensate harvesting and analysis (Science, 2024, 385, 954)

Science 2024; IEEE Biomedical Engineering 2024.

Highlighted in Science, Forbes, MIT Technology Review, the Guardian, the Telegraph, Chemical & Engineering News, Interesting Engineering, the Engineer, and more.

III. Additive manufacturing

Imaging-guided deep tissue in vivo sound printing (Science, 2025, 388, 616)

Printable molecule-selective core–shell nanoparticles for wearable and implantable sensing (Nature Materials, 2025, 24, 589)

Direct-ink-writing 3D-printed bioelectronics (Science Advances, 2023, 9, eadi6492)

Science 2025; Nature Materials 2025; Science Advances 2023; Materials Today 2023; Science Robotics, 2022.

Highlighted in Science, IEEE Spectrum, Scientific American, the Conservation, Chemistry World, etc.

IV. Wearable energy harvesting

Biofuel-powered electronic skin for wearable sensing (Science Robotics 2020, 5, eaaz7946)

An autonomous wearable biosensor powered by a perovskite solar cell (Nature Electronics, 2023, 6, 630-641)

Nature Electronics 2023; Science Robotics, 2020; Science Advances 2020; Account of Materials Research 2021. 

Highlighted in Nature Electronics, Caltech News, The Conservation, Yahoo News, The Engineer, CNET, Inside Science, SF Gate, etc.

V. Smart bandage for chronic wound management

Smart bandage for multiplexed monitoring and combination treatment of infected chronic wounds (Science Advances 2023, 9 eadf7388)

Smart bandage for wound exudate management and analysis in human chronic wounds (Science Translational Medicine 2025, 17, eadt0882)

Science Translational Medicine 2025; Nature Reviews Materials, 2024; Science Advances, 2023; Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022.

Highlighted in Caltech News, Caltech News, The Guardian, New Scientist, Materials Today, UPI, The Daily Beast, Tech Briefs, Le Monde, Business Insider, VOA News, Physics Today, CEP (AICHE), etc.

VI. Robotic sensing and human-machine interaction

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All-printed human-machine interface for robotic physicochemical sensing (Science Robotics 2022, 7, eabn0495)

Science Robotics, 2020; Science Robotics 2022; Advanced Materials 2022.

Highlighted in Caltech News, Nature Electronics, Scientific American, Daily Beast, Yahoo News, The Independent, The Engineer, CNET, The Conservation etc.

VII. Medical micro/nanorobotics

Fantastic Voyage

Synthetic micro/nanomachines

Micro/nanorobots for biomedical applications: toward the 'Fantastic Voyage' (Chemical Society Reviews 2020, Nature Reviews Bioengineering, 2023)

Microrobot guided by PA imaging for targeted navigation in vivo (Science Robotics 2019, 4, eaax0613)

Imaging-guided bioresorbable acoustic hydrogel microrobots (Science Robotics 2024, 9, eadp3593)

Science Robotics, 2024; Nature Reviews Bioengineering, 2023; Chemical Society Review 2020; Science Robotics, 2019.
Highlighted in Nature, Chemical Engineering News, Discovery News, BBC News, Daily Mail, Scientific American, New Scientist, American Scientist, The Scientist, Chemistry World, IEEE Spectrum, The Economist, Huffington Post etc.